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Border Roads Organisation

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Border Roads Organisation
AbbreviationBRO
Formation07 May 1960
PurposeProviding infrastructure to the armed forces of India and friendly nations
HeadquartersSeema Sadak Bhawan, New Delhi
Director General
Lt. Gen. Raghu Srinivasan[1]
Parent organisation
Ministry of Defence
Budget₹14,700 crore (US$1.7 billion) in FY 2023–24
Award(s)
  • 23 × Kirti Chakra
  • 218 × Shaurya Chakra
  • 2 x Bar to Shaurya Chakra
  • 2 × Padma Shri
  • 16 × Param Vishisht Seva Medal
  • 48 × Ati Vishist Seva Medal
  • 27 × Sena Medal
  • 3 × Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
  • 19 × Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
  • 1 x Bar to Vishisht Seva Medal
  • 125 x Vishist Seva Medal
  • 70 x Jeevan Raksha Padak
  • 5 x Mention-in-Despatches
    (see #Decorations for more details)
Websitewww.bro.gov.in Tourism- www.marvels.bro.gov.in
RemarksInfrastructure counstruction in Border areas

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. BRO develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighboring countries. This includes infrastructure operations in 19 states and three union territories (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and neighboring countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan and Sri Lanka. By 2024, BRO had constructed over 63,000 kilometers of roads, over 1056 permanent bridges with a total length of over 72,825 meters length, six tunnels and 21 airfields in strategic locations. BRO is also tasked with maintaining these infrastructure including operations such as snow clearance.[2][3][4][5]

Officers from the Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) and personnel from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) form the parent cadre of the BRO. It is also staffed by officers and troops drawn from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers on extra regimental employment (on deputation). The Indian Army Pioneer Corps are attached to BRO task forces. BRO is also included in the Order of Battle of the Armed Forces, ensuring their support at any time.[6] The organisations motto is Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam (everything is achievable through hardwork).[7]

BRO is instrumental in significantly upgrading and building new India-China Border Roads (ICBRs). With regard to ICBRs Vaishali S Hiwase is the first woman officer for BRO road projects along the border with China.[8][9] BRO set a Guinness World Record in November 2021 for the "highest altitude road" at Umling La.[10] BRO has been instrumental in constructing projects like Atal Tunnel, Atal Setu, and Col Chewang Rinchen Setu, to name a few.

History

[edit]

The BRO was formed on 07 May 1960 to secure India's borders and develop infrastructure in remote areas of the north and north-east states of the country.[11] In order to ensure coordination and expeditious execution of projects, the Government of India set up the Border Roads Development Board (BRDB) with the prime minister as chairman of the board and with the defence minister as deputy chairman.

Today, the BRDB exercises the financial and other powers of a Department of Government of India and is chaired by the Minister of State for Defence. Among others, Chief(s) of Army and Air Staff, Engineer-in-chief, Director General Border Roads (DGBR), FA(DS) are members of the BRDB. The secretary of the board exercises the powers of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. The executive head of the BRO is the Director General Border Roads (DGBR), who holds the rank of lieutenant general.[12] In a bid to boost border connectivity, BRO has been entirely brought under the Ministry of Defence in 2015. Earlier it received funds from the Ministry of Surface Transport under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.[13][14]

Organisation

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The BRO consists of Border Roads Wing under the Ministry of Defense and the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF). Officers are selected through the IES Examination conducted by the UPSC. Officers are also deputed from Indian Army Corps of Engineers, who are posted to GREF on ERE. The GREF primarily includes civil engineers, mechanical engineers, administrative officers and medical officers. Apart from this EME, ASC, Sig and Provost Officers and subordinates are also posted.

The Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) officers are governed by Central Civil Services (CCS/ CCA) Rules, 1965. They also subjected to all provisions of the Army Act, 1950 and Army Rules, 1954 except a few exceptions as given in SRO 329 and SRO 330 both 23 September 1960. GREF is an integral part of the Armed Forces within meaning of Article 33[15] of the Constitution of India and members of GREF are also members of the Armed Forces as declared by the Supreme Court in respect of R. Viswan vs Union of India 1983 and authorized for all benefits which are applicable to Armed Forces of India.[6]

The organisation has its presence in 11 states and three union territories (including Andaman & Nicobar Islands) and friendly country such as Bhutan.

The BRO includes 18 projects, which are divided into Task Forces, Road Construction Companies (RCCs), Bridge Construction Companies (BCCs), Drain Maintenance Companies (DMCs), and Platoons. The organisation also includes base workshops, store divisions, training and recruitment centers, and other staff.[16]

An Internal Financial Advisor (IFA) supports the BRO, performing the roles of Chief Accounts Officer and Internal Auditor. This system was introduced on 23 March 1995 to introduce efficiency and improve resource utilisation.[17] The IFA secured ISO 9001 certification in December 1999.

The organisation employs laborers locally. No local labourer is deployed in BRO for more than 179 days at a stretch, thus keeping the nature of their employment casual.[18]

Director General of Border Roads

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BRO Organization Chart

A list of the Director General of Border Roads (DGBR):[19]

List of DGBR
# Officeholders
1 Maj Gen KN Dubey, PVSM
2 Maj Gen RA Loomba
3 Maj Gen Arjan Singh
4 Maj Gen JS Bawa, AVSM
5 Brig Gobinder Singh (officiating)
6 Maj Gen VV Bhide, AVSM
7 Maj Gen JS Soin, PVSM
8 Maj Gen S Ahluwalia, AVSM
9 Maj Gen JM Rai, AVSM
10 Maj Gen JC Sachdeva, PVSM
11 Lt Gen MS Gosain, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
12 Lt Gen Maharaj Singh, PVSM, AVSM
13 Lt Gen Vimal Shinghal, PVSM, ADC
14 Lt Gen RJ Mordecai, PVSM, AVSM
15 Lt Gen AK Puri, PVSM, AVSM
16 Lt Gen Prakash Suri, PVSM
17 Lt Gen Ranjit Singh, SM
18 Lt Gen KS Rao, AVSM
19 Lt Gen AK Nanda, AVSM
20 Lt Gen MC Badhani, PVSM, VSM
21 Lt Gen S Ravi Shankar, PVSM, VSM
22 Lt Gen AT Parnaik, SM, VSM
23 Lt Gen RM Mittal, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM
24 Lt Gen Suresh Sharma, AVSM[20]
25 Lt Gen SK Shrivastava, AVSM
26 Lt Gen Harpal Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
27 Lt Gen Rajeev Chaudhry, VSM
28 Lt Gen Raghu Srinivasan, VSM (incumbent)[21]

Centres of excellence

[edit]

In June 2021, the "Centre of Excellence for Road Safety & Awareness" and "Centre of Excellence for Roads, Bridges, Air Fields and Tunnels" were set up.[22]

Ranks

[edit]
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Indian Border
Roads Organisation
Director general
- 		Additional Director General
- 		Chief Engineer
- 		Superintending Engineer
- 		Executive Engineer (NFSG)
- 		Executive Engineer
- 		Assistant Executive Engineer
- 		Assistant Engineer
-
Rank group Subordinate Officers (SOs) Non commissioned officers Enlisted
Indian Border
Roads Organisation
 No insignia
Senior Hindi translator Junior engineer/Senior supervisor/Superintendent Assistant superintendent Supervisor Radio mechanic Leading hand Special grade Grade-I Grade-II Pioneer

Role of the BRO

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A Himank BRO road sign in Ladakh

Roles of the BRO include:[6]

During Peace

  1. To develop and maintain the operational road infrastructure of General Staff (GS) roads in the border areas.
  2. To contribute to the socio-economic development of the border states.

During War

  1. To develop and maintain roads to keep line of control through in original sectors and re-deployed sectors.
  2. To execute additional tasks as laid down by the government contributing to the war effort.

BRO is entrusted for construction of roads, bridges, tunnels, causeways, helipads and airfields. The BRO is also in charge of maintenance of its road networks. In many places landslides, avalanches and snow block the routes and have to be cleared as quickly as possible. BRO also employs more than 200,000 casual paid labours in the task.

Yearly summary of Roads & Bridges constructed

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BRO had completed 43,7313 km of roads and 292 number of bridges with a construction cost of Rs 12,600 in last 5 years during 2019–24:[23]

BRO road length constructed in India.
Fiscal year Length constructed Notes
Before 2015 54,653 kilometres (33,960 mi)[2]
2015–2016 825 kilometres (513 mi)
2016–2017 765 kilometres (475 mi)
2017–2018 765 kilometres (475 mi)
2018–2019 775 kilometres (482 mi)
2019–2020 852 kilometres (529 mi)
2020–2021 1,071 kilometres (665 mi)
2021–2022 877 kilometres (545 mi) 4,346 km (2,700 mi) new BRO roads in five years from 2017–2018 to 2021–2022.[5]
2022–2023 670 kilometres (420 mi)
2023–2024 897 kilometres (557 mi)
Total ~62,700 kilometres (39,000 mi)

Projects and initiatives

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The BRO undertakes projects in India and friendly countries. These projects typically include developing roads, bridges, and airfields in hostile environments shunned by private enterprises, whether due to security concerns related to hostilities, or because of environmental challenges. BRO has been active during the 1962 war, the conflicts with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, and has also been active in anti-insurgency operations in the northeast.[6]

The BRO operates in 18 projects namely: Arunank, Beacon, Brahmank, Chetak, Deepak, Dantak[24] (Bhutan), Himank, Hirak, Pushpak, Sampark, Yojak, Sewak, Shivalik, Swastik, Udayak, Vartak and Vijayak.[25][26]

-
BRO projects in India and friendly nations
BRO Projects HQ/ Location[27] Notes
Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh
1 Beacon Srinagar Beacon is the oldest BRO project (along with Vartak). Initially known as Chief Engineer Roads (Ladakh) when it was initiated in 1960; it was renamed as Chief Engineer Project Beacon. Roads under Beacon include NH1A, NH1B, NH1D, Zoji La tunnel.[28][4]
2 Himank Leh Due to geographical expanse and increased workload, two new projects i.e. Sampark and Himank was carved out of Beacon.[28]
3 Sampark Jammu
4 Vijayak Leh Raised in September 2010.[29]
Northeast
5 Vartak Tezpur One of two projects raised in May 1960 and focused on Arunachal Pradesh. Formerly designated Project Tusker. Undertakes China Study Group roads.[28][4]
6 Udayak Doom Dooma One of the two older projects raised in May 1960. Assigned road infrastructure projects in the north-east region of the country.[28]
7 Arunanak Papum Pare Vartak was divided into Arunanak. Raised at Naharlagun.[30]
8 Sewak Dimapur Road development in the north-east amidst insurgency; roads include the Zunheboto-Aghunato-Kiphire road.[28]
9 Pushpak Aizawl Roads in north-east India including Mizoram, Assam and Manipur; NH-39, NH-53.[28]
10 Setuk Shillong Raised in 1990 for bridge construction. Re-structured in 1994 to assist in other road development projects in the north-east. Project has also been assigned fencing along the India Bangladesh border.[28]
11 Swastik Gangtok Revived in 2008. Roads in Sikkim.[29]
12 Brahmank Pasighat
Other States
13 Hirak Tanakpur Hirak (transl. Black Diamond) are responsible for the NH-16 and roads and bridges in the naxal areas. It has also undertaken work in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[28]
14 Shivalik Rishikesh Road infrastructure to the international border.[29]
15 Deepak Shimla Project Deepak continues to improve roads in Uttarakhand. It keeps open the roads to Char Dhams and Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib.[28]
16 Chetak Bikaner Raised in 1962 and named after Maharana Pratap's horse Chetak. Roads and development undertaken include the Joshimath-Malari-Rinkin road, Rishikesh-Badrinath road, Tanankpur-Tawaghat road, NH4B, 17B, and naval airfield resurfacing in Maharashtra.[28]
17 Yojak Manali (temporary) Inaugurated in 2022, it is tasked to construct tunnels and maintain existing tunnels like the Atal Tunnel along with building road in the Manali-Ladakh axis.
National-International
18 Dantak Thimpu Initiated in Bhutan, Dantak now covers adjacent India states. Roads developed include Sherbathang-Nathu La road, Gangtok-Sherbathang road and Sevoke-Gangtok road.[28]

Disaster management and reconstruction

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The BRO also played a vital role in reconstruction work in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami in Tamil Nadu, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake,[31] and the 2010 Ladakh flash floods.[32],2023 Cloud Burst in Sikkim and assistance in the Silkyara Tunnel Incident.


Overseas infrastructure development

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Some of these projects carry out some of the development initiatives of the Indian government in foreign territories like Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Bhutan. These include the Delaram-Zaranj Highway in Afghanistan, completed and handed over to the Afghan government during 2008,[33] and the restoration of the Farkhor[34] and Ayni[35] air bases in Tajikistan.

Border infrastructure development

[edit]
See also: Northeast India connectivity projects and Look East connectivity

In response to the ever-present security threat from Pakistan and increased incursions and rapid border infrastructure from China, India too is undertaking border infrastructure development.

Border roads

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Main article: India-China Border Roads

As per a July 2017 update to Lok Sabha from the Government of India, construction of 73 completed strategic roads along the Sino-India border was approved in 2005 with initial and currently revised deadlines of 2012–2013 and 2019–2020 respectively, including 43 by the Ministry of Defence and 27 by the Ministry of Home Affairs, of which only 21 roads by March 2017 and 30 roads by July 2017 have been completed and the remaining are under construction as progress was slowed down due to wildlife conservation and environmental approval, insurgency related security hurdles, delay in land acquisition by the states, inaccessible terrain, inclement weather, and other impediments.

BRO is constructing 63 out of these 73 roads as it costs BRO ₹15 million (equivalent to ₹21 million, US$250,000 or €260,000 in 2023) to ₹30 million (equivalent to ₹42 million, US$490,000 or €520,000 in 2023) per km compared to ₹60 million (equivalent to ₹84 million, US$980,000 or €1.0 million in 2023) to ₹70 million (equivalent to ₹98 million, US$1.1 million or €1.2 million in 2023) per km of road construction by the private companies.[36][37] In two years alone, 2015–16 and 2016–17, prime minister Narendra Modi's government has allocated more than US$4.7 billion in contracts for the development of border roads, which also includes the US$256 million 1,360 kilometres (850 mi) India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway from Moreh in Manipur through Tamu, Myanmar to Mae Sot in Thailand.[38]

In July 2020, BRO was also tasked with building new roads to connect eastern Bhutan to western Tawang area such as Lumla-Trashigang road through Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary.[39]

Thirty-six roads were inaugurated by the Hon'ble Raksha Mantri in 2021, and thirty roads were inaugurated in 2022. Additionally, the BRO completed the construction of 28 roads in 2023.


Road bridges

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To provide multiple points of alternative connectivity to the forces, BRO is building 410 2-lane class-70 (heavy load bearing including tanks) road bridges along the 3,440 km (2,140 mi) long McMahon Line border with China, including 144 in Arunachal Pradesh (75 already under construction and will be completed by 2020), 100 under construction in Jammu and Kashmir, 55 under construction in Uttrakhand, 40 under construction in Sikkim and 25 under construction in Himachal Pradesh (c. Dec 2017).[40] The annual pace of construction is 3 km (1.9 mi) of bridges (c. Dec 2017).[40] On 12 October 2020 Defense Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 44 new bridges.[41] 266 Bridges were completed and inaugurated by Hon’ble Raksha Mantri from 2021-2023.

Border tunnels

[edit]
Main article: List of geostrategic tunnels of India

In November 2017 BRO announced the plan to construct 17 road and rail tunnels, with a total length of 100 km (62 mi), on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Currently, surface access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through air lift only. Some of these 17 tunnels are already under construction, including Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1 in J&K (Zoji La pass tunnel), Leh-Manali Highway in J&K and Himachal Pradesh (Lungalacha La, Bara-lacha la, Tanglang La, Shingo La near Nimo and Rohtang Tunnel), 578 meter Theng Pass tunnel on NH310A between Chungthang and Tung in North Sikkim, Nechipu Pass (near Bomdila) and Sela Pass tunnels on Bogibeel Assam to Sagalee to Tawang NH13 in Arunachal Pradesh. This will reduce the travel time and operational costs, eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide.[42][43]

The Border Roads Organisation has given impetus to construction of tunnels in the past few years to ensure all weather connectivity to the most remote parts of the nation harnessing inclusiveness like never before. BRO has recently completed the 2.1 Km Sela Tunnel on road Balipara - Charduar - Tawang which will provide all weather connectivity to Tawang by passing Se La pass which has an altitude of 13960 ft. The foundation stone was laid by the Hon’ble PM on 09 Feb 2019. Sela tunnel work was completed and inaugurated by Hon’ble PM on 09 Mar 2024. Presently, BRO is constructing 06 tunnels and an additional 18 tunnels are in planning stage.


Decorations

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Awards attained by BRO personnel between 1960 and 31 Aug 2024:[44]

Recognition

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In recognition of the exceptional work done by the Organisation in providing connectivity to the far flung areas of the Nation, BRO has received several accolades which are as under:- (a) BRO conferred with GeoSmart Infrastructure Excellence Award by Geospatial World for excellence in tunnel projects. (b) Road over Umling La awarded PMA National Project Leader Award 2022 on 22 Aug 2022 by Project Management Associates. (c) 753 BRTF under Project Himank was awarded the prestigious CIDC Vishwakarma Achievement Award on 08 Apr 2022 for Best Construction Project for constructing World’s highest road over Umling La. (d) Benadi Bridge of 30.2 m span and Pakka- Kotha Bridge of 181.2 m span on Dyalchak- Ramkot road in UT of J&K awarded "The Best Construction Projects" under the Road, Highway & Bridges category in the 14th CIDC Vishwakarma Award 2023. (e) BRO has been awarded with the 15th CIDC Vishwakarma Award in the Category Partners in Progress Trophy. (f) Atal Tunnel has received the following awards during last years:- (i) 12th CIDC Vishwakarma Award on 02 Mar 2021. (ii) Certified by World Book of Records London as the ‘World’s Longest Highway Tunnel above 10,000 Feet’ on 09 February 2022. (iii) IBC Best Infrastructure Project Award on 28 Apr 2022. (iv) TAI Tunnelling Project of the Year Award on 27 Jun 2022. (v) FIDIC’s Highly Commended award in the Transportation (Tunnels) category on 12 Sep 2022. (vi) ACECC Civil Engineering Project Award on 22 Sep 2022. (g) Sela Tunnel has received the following awards during last years:- (i) Awarded by International Book of Honour, England for constructing Highest tunnel in the country at an altitude of 13,000 ft. (ii) Stratigically Important Project by The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India on 17 Dec 2024.

[edit]
  • The Minister of State for Defence in a group photograph during the Chief Engineers Conference, organised by the BRO, 2013
    The Minister of State for Defence in a group photograph during the Chief Engineers Conference, organised by the BRO, 2013
  • Union Minister for Defence releasing a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Coffee table book 'Will of Steel', in New Delhi. NSA also present.
    Union Minister for Defence releasing a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Coffee table book 'Will of Steel', in New Delhi. NSA also present.
  • Director General, Border Roads, Lt Gen Arun Kumar Nanda addressing an Annual Press Conference on the eve of 48th Raising Day of the BRO, 2008
    Director General, Border Roads, Lt Gen Arun Kumar Nanda addressing an Annual Press Conference on the eve of 48th Raising Day of the BRO, 2008
  • BRO road signs
    BRO road signs
  • 1985 postal stamp
    1985 postal stamp
  • Inauguration of Infrastructure Projects.
  • Visit of Dignitaries ( RM, RRM, Defence Secreatry )
  • Inauguration of Atal and Sela Tunnel by Hon’ble PM
  • Certification and Awards


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief". India Today. October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b Annual Report 2014–2015. Border Roads Organisation. (Chapter 7). Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Government of India. Archived on 12 February 2021.
  3. ^ Annual Report 2002–2003. Border Roads Organisation. (Chapter 8). Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Government of India. Archived on 12 February 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Annual Report 2015–2016. Ministry of Defence. Government of India. Accessed on 13 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b "5 yrs, 3,595 km new border roads". The Tribune. India. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Bhagwati, P (6 May 1983). "Supreme Court of India: R. Viswan & Others vs Union Of India & Others on 6 May, 1983". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Inherent Strengths". Border Roads Organisation. Speed, Economy and quality. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  8. ^ "BRO appoints first woman officer for road project along border with China". The Hindu. PTI. 29 April 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  9. ^ "Border Roads Organisation Appoints First Woman Officer For Road Project Along Border With China". NDTV.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  10. ^ "Highest altitude road". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Border Roads Organisation". GlobalSecurity.org. Alexandria, Virginia. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  12. ^ "DG's Message". Border Roads Organisation. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  13. ^ "Border Roads Organisation to be brought exclusively under Defence Ministry: Parrikar". Border Roads Organisation. Border Roads Organisation. Press Trust of India. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  14. ^ Kulkarni, Pranav (1 January 2015). "BRO to come under sole control of Defence Ministry". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Article 33 in The Constitution Of India 1949". Indian Kanoon.
  16. ^ "Organisation Chart". Border Roads Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  17. ^ Mohan, Devendra. "IFA System in Lower Formations of Border Roads Organisation". Pune, India: National Academy of Defence Financial Management, Mindistry of Defence, Government of India. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word) on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  18. ^ Panghat, Brig (4 February 2005). "GREF not Industry governed by Industrial Dispute Act". Daily Excelsior. Jammu, India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  19. ^ "Ex DGs-Border Roads Organisation". bro.gov.in. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Lieutenant General Suresh Sharma takes over as Director General Border Roads (DGBR)". Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Defence. 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  21. ^ "Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief". India Today. October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  22. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (11 June 2021). "Rajnath Singh inaugurates BRO's two Centres for Excellence". The Financial Express. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  23. ^ BRO finished 43 roads in Ladakh, 64 in Arunachal in last 5 years, timesofindia, 17 December 2022.
  24. ^ Wangchuk, Rinchen Norbu (5 December 2018). "Jalebi, Dosa & Samosa: How 'Dantak' Is Strengthening India's Friendship with Bhutan". The Better India. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  25. ^ Standing Committee on Defence (February 2019) Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal. Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
  26. ^ "BRO launches Project Yojak to boost road infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh". The Times of India. 14 January 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  27. ^ Controller General of Defence Accounts (2008). IFA (Border Roads Manual). Ministry of Defence India. pg 12. Accessed on 13 July 2021.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gajria, Brig KT (May 2007). "Border Roads Organisation. Connecting People". Sainik Samachar. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Dutt, Lt Gen. [retd] Gautam (September 2010). "BRO is the best and cheapest organisation for road-building in difficult terrains". Force India. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  30. ^ Project Arunank- An Overview Border Roads Organisation. pages 9. Archived on 13 June 2021.
  31. ^ "Work in progress to restore vital border road". Outlook India. New Delhi. 24 October 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  32. ^ Watts, Archit (15 September 2010). "Five weeks after floods, Leh-Manali road opens". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  33. ^ Pubby, Manu (23 January 2009). "India hands over Afghan road, trade can now flow via Iran". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  34. ^ "India to deploy MiG-29 fighters at Tajikistan base". Monsters and Critics. Indianapolis: WOTR. 20 April 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  35. ^ Bedi, Rahul (20 September 2007). "India may have to quit Tajik military 'base'". Monsters and Critics. Indianapolis: WOTR. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  36. ^ "7 roads of operational significance being built along China border: Kiren Rijiju", The Economic Times, 18 July 2017.
  37. ^ Sushant Singh, "China border roads hobbling, 12 years later, 21 of 73 ready", Indian Express, 11 July 2017.
  38. ^ "China's Silk Road lends urgency to India's regional ambitions.", The Economic Times, 9 August 2017.
  39. ^ India proposes to build road in Bhutan’s ‘Yeti territory’ which China claimed recently, The Economic Times, 15 July 2020.
  40. ^ a b India building bridges in Arunachal for LAC access, The Economic Times, 18 December 2017.
  41. ^ Gupta, Shishir (12 October 2020). "54 done, BRO rushes to build 48 bridges that can shoulder T-90 main battle tanks". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  42. ^ "For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border.", The Economic Times, 6 November 2017.
  43. ^ "Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh"
  44. ^ BRO Scroll of Honour and Awards: 1960 to 31 January 2020. Archived on 12 February 2021.
[edit]
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